A self-help eviction is when landlords take it upon themselves (without a court order) to evict a tenant from their rental unit—but is it legal? Read on to find out where (or if) it’s legal, and what happens if a landlord chooses to do one.
What is a “Self-Help” Eviction?
Throwing a tenant (or their belongings) out of the rental unit is called a “self-help” eviction because the landlord has taken it upon themselves to remove the tenant instead of getting a court order.
This is different from a cash for keys agreement, in which the tenant agrees to move out in exchange for cash or a check.
Valid Reasons to Evict a Tenant
In most states, any one of the following is a valid reason to evict a tenant:
- Failing to pay rent when due
- Violating the terms of a written lease/rental agreement
- Involvement in illegal activity on the rental property
- Material health/safety violations
- Domestic violence against another tenant
- Remaining in the rental unit after the lease term or agreed-upon rental period has expired
However, just because a tenant has done something worthy of eviction in your state doesn’t automatically mean a landlord has the right to kick the tenant out and throw all their belongings into the street.
Actions That Qualify as Self-Help Evictions
The following actions are examples of a landlord or property owner performing a self-help eviction:
- Changing the locks without telling the tenant(s)
- Refusing to perform necessary repairs in an attempt to get the tenant to move out
- Or otherwise preventing the tenant(s) from physically entering or living in the rental unit
- Removing the tenant’s belongings from the rental unit when they’re not home
- Shutting off the tenant’s utilities for the sole purpose of forcing the tenant to move out
Some of the ways landlords could prevent tenants from living in or entering the rental unit include:
- Removing interior or exterior walls/portions of walls
- Otherwise damaging the rental unit to make it unsafe to live in
- Boarding up exterior doors/windows
- Removing exterior doors/windows
While the above examples may seem extreme, these actions have been specifically banned in several states, so someone somewhere has probably tried them.
Why Do Some Landlords Perform Self-Help Evictions?
Some landlords feel that it’s cheaper and/or faster than pursuing an eviction action through the court system.
And, if the landlord is being retaliatory or discriminatory, they may want to avoid a hearing because they know the court would rule in the tenant’s favor.
Other landlords may be unaware of their state’s laws regarding the eviction process and may not even realize that a self-help eviction is illegal.
When an Immediate Eviction is NOT a Self-Help Eviction
Several states have special procedures in place for tenants who pose a serious threat to the landlord or other tenants. Typically, tenants who are involved in certain types of illegal activity, perpetrators of domestic violence, or tenants who harm/threaten to harm others fall into this category.
In these states, written notice may not be required before evicting the tenant. In some states, law enforcement officials may be called in to remove the tenant immediately, while others hold expedited hearings to remove the tenant within a few days of the harmful/illegal behavior.
Are Self-Help Evictions Legal?
Only Mississippi actually allows self-help evictions and possibly West Virginia.
Mississippi landlords may only pursue a self-help eviction if the rental agreement has expired and the tenant remains in the rental unit, as long as the self-help eviction isn’t primarily to retaliate against the tenant.
In West Virginia, if landlords are allowed to perform self-help evictions, they could only be done for lease violations and nonpayment of rent, not to remove a tenant at the expiration of the lease term/rental period.
Legal Consequences of Self-Help Evictions
Landlords in any other state who attempt a self-help eviction may be sued by their tenants, pay large fines, and/or be forced to allow the tenant to move back into the rental unit, depending on the state.
In Missouri, a landlord performing an illegal eviction is guilty of forcible entry and detainer, and faces the same penalties that any tenant found guilty of forcible entry and detainer would.
Although self-help evictions are illegal in all but two states, only four states consider them to be criminal acts. Connecticut, Minnesota, and New York all classify self-help evictions as misdemeanors.
In addition, Massachusetts landlords could face up to six months in jail if found guilty of performing an illegal (self-help) eviction.
Financial Costs of Self-Help Evictions
As noted above, self-help evictions are illegal in 48 states.
In 12 states and the District of Columbia, the maximum amount of damages a tenant can receive for being illegally evicted is up to the judicial officer and not set by law.
That means there’s no cap on how much a judicial officer could order a landlord to pay a tenant for trying to remove them from the rental unit illegally.
The 12 states with no limit on damages are:
- Arkansas
- Colorado
- Georgia
- Indiana
- Louisiana
- Missouri
- New Jersey
- Pennsylvania
- Utah
- Vermont
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
In the other 36 states, there’s a cap on the amount of damages tenants can receive that’s set by state law.
The chart below breaks down the maximum allowable amounts in these 36 states.
| State | Maximum Damages Tenant May Recover |
| Alabama |
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| Alaska |
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| Arizona |
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| California |
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| Connecticut |
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| Delaware |
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| Florida |
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| Hawaii |
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| Idaho |
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| Illinois |
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| Iowa |
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| Kansas |
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| Kentucky |
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| Maine |
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| Maryland |
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| Massachusetts |
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| Michigan |
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| Minnesota |
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| Montana |
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| Nebraska |
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| Nevada |
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| New Hampshire |
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| New Mexico |
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| New York |
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| North Carolina |
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| North Dakota |
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| Ohio |
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| Oklahoma |
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| Oregon |
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| Rhode Island |
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| South Carolina |
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| South Dakota |
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| Tennessee |
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| Texas |
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| Virginia |
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| Washington |
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As indicated in the chart above, some states allow tenants who have been illegally evicted to receive their security deposit and/or pre-paid rent as part of the damages owed to them by the landlord.
Landlords who choose to perform a self-help eviction could end up losing more than just a bad tenant—they may end up paying fines, court costs, attorney’s fees, and damages to their illegally evicted tenants. And, after all that, they may just find that the court has ordered them to allow the tenant to move back into the rental unit.
