West Virginia law defines many actions that landlords cannot do. Find out what’s allowed, when they’re allowed, and what the consequences for illegal landlord actions are.
1. Retaliate
Landlords in West Virginia cannot retaliate against tenants for exercising their rights under the law. A tenant’s legal rights may include reporting violations to a local health board or withholding rent because of a landlord’s failure to make necessary repairs.
Actions that may constitute retaliation include:
- Increasing rent
- Terminating a lease
- Evicting a tenant
- Decreasing services or access to amenities
Consequences for Landlords Who Retaliate
Landlords who retaliate are at risk of having the tenant terminate the lease and sue the landlord. If a court decides the landlord has retaliated against the tenant, the following penalties may be assessed:
- One months’ rent plus $500
- Reasonable costs to move to another place
- Attorney’s fees and costs
- Injunctive relief
When Can a Landlord Retaliate?
Under landlord-tenant law in West Virginia, there is never a time that a landlord can retaliate against a tenant for exercising their rights.
However, actions that may seem retaliatory can be legal if within the law. For instance, a landlord may increase the rent at the end of the lease term, and terminate a lease or evict a tenant for violating the terms of the agreement.
2. Discriminate
Under the Fair Housing Act, landlords cannot discriminate against a tenant based on protected characteristics such as race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability.
Discriminatory acts include:
- Harassing tenants
- Refusing to rent and making housing unavailable to a tenant
- Setting different terms and conditions for certain tenants
- Providing different services to certain tenants
A landlord does not provide necessary repairs to a Black tenant, but provides necessary repairs to a White tenant.
Consequences for Landlords Who Discriminate
Landlords who discriminate are at risk of having the tenant terminate the lease and sue the landlord. When suing the landlord, a tenant may either file a complaint with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) or the federal court in the jurisdiction where the tenant resides.
If either HUD or a federal court decides the landlord has discriminated against the tenant, the tenant may be eligible for the following remedies:
- Compensation for actual damages
- Injunctive relief
- Equitable relief such as providing alternative housing
- Reasonable attorney’s fees
- Payment of civil penalties
When Can a Landlord Discriminate?
In West Virginia, a landlord can never discriminate against a tenant, except in one instance. The exception is known as the “Mrs. Murphy Exemption”.
The “Mrs. Murphy” exemption provides that if a dwelling has four or fewer rental units and the owner lives in one of those units, that owner is exempt from the Fair Housing Act. Therefore, a landlord would be able to discriminate against tenants.
There is a blanket ban on a landlord discriminating against the tenant because of race. No matter the Mrs. Murphy exemption, a landlord can never discriminate against a tenant because of race.
Furthermore, the exemption does not apply to rental advertisements. For example, the owner of the dwelling cannot be discriminatory in their advertisements by saying that people of a certain sexual orientation or race need not apply just because the dwelling itself is exempt from the Fair Housing Act.
3. Evict Without Cause
In West Virginia, landlords cannot evict a tenant or force them to vacate the rental premises without legal cause that a tenant violated the lease.
A landlord may have legal grounds for evicting a tenant if the tenant:
- Does not pay rent on time
- Stays after the lease ends
- Violates the lease terms
- Does not uphold legal responsibilities
Consequences for Landlords Who Evict Tenants Without Cause
Landlords who evict their tenants without legal cause will be liable to the tenant for certain damages. If a court finds the landlord evicted the tenant without cause, the landlord may be liable for:
- One to three months’ rent
- Reasonable costs to move to another place
- Attorney’s fees and costs
- Injunctive relief
Once a court finds there was no cause for eviction, tenants will be allowed to return into the leased premises.
When Can a Landlord Evict a Tenant?
In West Virginia, a landlord cannot legally evict a tenant without cause. However, a landlord would be able to evict a tenant on legal grounds such as the tenant not paying rent on time, staying after the lease ends, violating lease terms or not upholding responsibilities under West Virginia law.
Eviction proceedings include:
- Written Notice to Vacate
- Filing of the Eviction Suit
- Judgment
- Appeal
- Writ of Execution
Ensure that the tenant has violated the lease terms prior to initiating an eviction lawsuit.
4. Withhold Security Deposits
In West Virginia, a landlord may not withhold the tenant’s security deposit for any disallowed reason.
For example, a landlord would be unable to withhold the security deposit for property damage incurred from normal wear and tear. Normal wear and tear is deterioration or damage that happens as a result of a tenant living in and using the rental unit in a reasonable manner.
Consequences for Landlords Who Withhold Security Deposits
A landlord who withholds a tenant’s security deposit will be responsible for repaying the tenant the whole security deposit amount. A landlord who illegally withholds a security deposit in West Virginia must pay the tenant:
- The original amount of the security deposit
- Three times the amount of the security deposit
- Three times the amount of damages plus interest
- Attorney’s fees
When Can a Landlord Withhold a Tenant’s Security Deposit?
A landlord will be able to withhold a tenant’s security deposit for certain reasons. These reasons include:
- Damages incurred because of lease breaches
- Damages not normal wear and tear
- Unpaid monthly rent
- Unpaid utilities
- Cleaning fees at the end of the lease
- Expenses incurred in securing a new tenant
- Lease cancellation fees
Should there be any deductions, the landlord must provide an itemized list of deductions that were made within 30 days.
5. Violate the Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment
Landlords in Connecticut cannot violate the covenant of quiet enjoyment, which is an implied term in every lease that guarantees the tenant will have quiet and peaceful possession of the leased premises.
There are several ways a tenant’s right to quiet enjoyment can be violated. Some common examples of violations include:
- Entering the tenant’s premises without providing adequate notice
- Allowing too much noise that interferes with the tenant’s enjoyment of the premises
- Not taking the necessary precautions to keep the premises safe
- Allowing the tenant to be harassed by other tenants
- Locking out the tenant from the premises
A landlord would be in violation of the covenant of quiet enjoyment if they continuously allow a tenant to yell racial slurs at another tenant.
Consequences for Landlords Who Violate the Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment
There are different recourse options that tenants can take when their rights are violated, including but not limited to:
- Refusing to pay rent
- Bringing legal action
- Terminating the lease
Any of these actions would have a negative impact on the landlord. The landlord could also be liable for compensation such as moving expenses, attorney’s fees and other expenses.
When Can a Landlord Violate the Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment?
In West Virginia, a landlord cannot violate the covenant of quiet enjoyment under any circumstances.
However, actions that seem to violate the covenant of quiet enjoyment may be legal in certain circumstances. For example, a landlord may enter the premises without providing notice to the tenant, in the event of an emergency.
A landlord enters into a tenant’s premise because there is evidence of a crime.
6. Violate the Warranty of Habitability
In West Virginia, landlords must uphold the implied warranty of habitability, which is guaranteed in leases and ensures that the leased premises meet habitability requirements.
There are several ways a landlord may violate the warranty of habitability. Some common examples of violations include:
- Broken locks
- Lack of proper plumbing
- Lack of utilities such as heat, electricity, and water
- Failure to exterminate a rodent infestation
A landlord violates the warranty of habitability, if, after notice of shutting off, they do not repair the water system in a reasonable amount of time.
Consequences for Landlords Who Violate the Warranty of Habitability
When a landlord violates the warranty of habitability, a tenant is entitled to relief such as:
- A court order directing the landlord to repair the condition
- A court order reducing the tenant’s rent
- A judgment for one months’ rent plus $500
- A judgment for actual damages
- Any court and attorneys’ fees
When Can a Landlord Violate the Warranty of Habitability?
Landlords in West Virginia cannot violate the warranty of habitability at any time.
7. Commit Constructive Eviction
A landlord in West Virginia cannot constructively evict tenants from the leased premises.
Constructive eviction is a circumstance where a tenant’s use of the property is so significantly impeded by actions under the landlord’s authority that the tenant has no alternative but to vacate the premises
Examples of constructive eviction include:
- Failure to provide heating
- Failure to rid of a pest infestation
- Making the property uninhabitable
- Violating the quiet enjoyment for tenants
Consequences for Landlords Who Constructively Evict Tenants
Landlords who evict their tenants without just cause will be liable to the tenant for certain damages. If a court finds the landlord evicted the tenant without cause, the landlord may be liable for:
- One months’ rent plus $500
- Reasonable costs to move to another place
- Attorney’s fees and costs
- Injunctive relief
Once a court finds there was no cause for eviction, tenants will be allowed to return into the leased premises.
When Can a Landlord Constructively Evict a Tenant?
In West Virginia, a landlord cannot withhold services or force out a tenant through constructive eviction.
Although, if a tenant has violated the lease terms, then the landlord can perform actions that are generally associated with constructive eviction. These actions can include:
- Terminating the lease
- Shutting off utilities
- Failing to repair issues
After lease termination, landlords are not contractually obligated to provide the mandatory services outlined in the lease.
8. Defraud Tenants
When landlords communicate with tenants, they cannot make any statements under false pretenses, which may lead the tenant to believe something that is not true.
There are many ways in which a landlord can commit fraud, including:
- Making a false or misleading oral or written statement
- Representing that the property has a characteristic or use that it does not have
- Representing that the property is of a particular standard, quality, or style that it is not
- Failing to state a material fact if the failure deceives or tends to deceive
- Putting a clause in a lease that waives the tenant’s right to use a legal defense.
A landlord may not tell the tenant that they can pay the rent in a certain way, and then fail to accept that method of payment at a later time.
Consequences for Landlords Who Defraud Tenants
Landlords who defraud current and prospective tenants may face litigation. Depending on the court, the tenant may be entitled to:
- Economic damages
- Statutory fraud damages
- Exemplary damages
- Mental anguish damages
- Attorney’s fees
- Equitable relief
- Declaratory judgment
When Can a Landlord Defraud Tenants?
In West Virginia, landlords cannot defraud tenants under any circumstance.
9. Fail to Pass State Inspections
Prior to renting out leased premises, landlords must register the rental premises with the proper authorities. Landlords must then conduct a proper inspection so that the premises are in a habitable condition for the tenant.
Consequences for Landlords Failing to Pass State Inspections
Failure to register the premises and conduct an inspection may lead to fines and other taxes.
When Can a Landlord Fail to Pass State Inspections?
Landlords must always pass state inspections to lease out the rental property.
Can a Landlord Deny Sublessees or Assignees?
Unless prior written consent has already been granted, a landlord can prohibit a tenant from subletting in West Virginia. A landlord reserves the right to deny any and all future requests from a tenant to sublease. However, a landlord cannot deny a qualified sublessee or assignee.
A qualified sublessee or assignee is one that:
- Has the financial ability to continue paying the rent
- Passes the background check
- Is a high character individual who will not cause the landlord trouble
Consequences for Landlords Who Deny Qualified Sublessees or Assignees
When a landlord denies a qualified subtenant or assignee, the original tenant may sue the landlord for damages. A tenant may be able to recover money equivalent to the amount of monthly rent for which the landlord disallowed the prospective subtenant or assignee from making payments.
Furthermore, damages associated with the landlord’s failure to mitigate damages may be possible. The duty to mitigate damages exists where the landlord must take reasonable steps to re-rent the unit to a replacement tenant.
When Can a Landlord Deny a Sublessee or Assignee?
A landlord can deny a sublessee when:
- The landlord has a good faith belief that the new tenant would not meet the financial obligations under the lease
- There needs to be an alteration to the premises for the use of the new tenant
- There would be an increase in the number of persons residing in the dwelling
- The landlord has a good faith belief of the new tenant’s inappropriate conduct
- The new tenant refuses to sign and comply with the lease
Can a Landlord Charge Unlimited Amounts for the Security Deposit?
In West Virginia, a landlord can charge an unlimited amount for the security deposit. There are no rent control laws capping the security deposit amount. However, landlords are expected to charge only a reasonable amount for the security deposit.
Generally, a reasonable amount for a West Virginia security deposit could be two times the amount of rent. So, if the monthly rent is $1,000, a landlord could require the tenant to pay $2,000 as a security deposit.
Can a Landlord Deduct Expenses From the Security Deposit?
Landlords in West Virginia can deduct expenses from the security deposit.
A landlord will be able to withhold a tenant’s security deposit for certain reasons. These reasons include:
- Any costs associated with damages incurred because of lease breaches
- Any costs associated with property damages not normal wear and tear
- Unpaid monthly rent
- Unpaid utilities
- Cleaning fees at the end of the lease
- Expenses incurred in securing a new tenant
- Whatever cancellation fee the lease may be provided for
Can a Landlord Sue a Tenant for Lease Violations?
In West Virginia, a landlord can sue a tenant for violating the lease. Common lease violations include:
- Illegal activity
- Unauthorized pets
- Disturbing other tenants
- Not keeping the premises clean
Landlords can recover damages such as unpaid rent, costs of property damage the tenant caused and eviction of the tenant.
Can a Landlord Enter into a Tenant’s Premises During an Emergency?
A landlord can enter into a tenant’s premise when there is an emergency.
In practice, a landlord should try to give at least 24 hours’ notice before entering a rented apartment to make (or assess for) repairs or show the unit to prospective new tenants.
In the event of an emergency, such as a fire, burst water pipe, or gas leak, landlords have the right to enter without notice. They may also enter the premises if a tenant has moved out without notifying the tenant or if the landlord has a court order to do so.
Can a Landlord Conduct a Background Check on Prospective Tenants?
A landlord in West Virginia can conduct a background check on prospective tenants. In West Virginia, landlords must make available to the applicant, printed notice of the landlord’s tenant selection criteria, including:
- Criminal history
- Previous rental history
- Current income
- Credit history
In West Virginia, there are usually costs associated with background checks.
Can a Landlord Charge Late Fees for Late Rent?
In West Virginia, a landlord can charge late fees for late rent. Although, A landlord cannot charge late fees or penalties for rent paid past the due date unless it is paid 30 days or more past the due date. Furthermore, it is illegal for a landlord to charge a reverse penalty—reducing rent by a percentage if paid within a certain time frame.
If a late fee is charged, the following must be met:
- Notice of the fee is included in the written lease
- The fee is reasonable
Can a Landlord Set Occupancy Limits?
West Virginia law requires that landlords set occupancy limits depending on the type of property the landlord owns.
Generally, the maximum number of adults that a landlord may allow to occupy a dwelling is three times the number of bedrooms in the premises. There are certain exceptions allowing a higher occupancy limit such as state or federal laws that allow a higher occupancy rate or if an adult is seeking temporary sanctuary from family violence.
Can a Landlord Require Certain Forms of Payment?
A landlord in West Virginia can require certain forms of payment.
West Virginia law does not say how a tenant must pay their rent. It does not discuss rules a landlord might impose that would make tenants pay a specific way, like online or with a money order. How a tenant must pay the rent will depend on the specific lease.
West Virginia law ensures that landlords will provide the option for tenants to pay in cash, unless the lease states otherwise. When a tenant pays in cash, a landlord must provide a written receipt confirming payment.
Can a Landlord Charge an Application Fee?
In West Virginia, a landlord can charge an application fee associated with a rental application. The fee is to pay the landlord’s cost of running a background check on a prospective tenant.
If the landlord rejects an applicant and the landlord has not made proper notice, the landlord will have to return the application fee. Furthermore, if an applicant requests a landlord to mail a refund of the applicant’s application fee to the applicant, the landlord shall mail the refund check to the applicant.
Can a Landlord Increase Rent During the Lease Term?
In West Virginia, a landlord can increase the rent during the lease term. There are no West Virginia state laws limiting the amount that landlords may ask for rent.
Sources
- 1 Imperial Colliery Co. v. Fout
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We accordingly hold that retaliation may be asserted as a defense to a summary eviction proceeding… if the landlord’s conduct is in retaliation for the tenant’s exercise of a right incidental to the tenancy… rights of speech and association unrelated to the tenant’s property interest are not protected under a retaliatory eviction defense in that they do not arise from the tenancy relationship.
Source Link - 2 HUD Complaint and Investigation Process
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If neither party elects to have a federal civil trial before the 20-day Election Period expires, HUD will promptly schedule a hearing for your case before an ALJ…payment of damages.
Source Link - 3 WV Code §5-11a-4
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Nothing in section five of this article, other than subsection (b) of this section, shall apply to the rental of a room or rooms in a rooming house occupied by the owner as a place of residence and containing no more than four rented rooms or rooms to be rented. Solely for the purposes of familial status, nothing in section five shall apply to…
Source Link - 4 WV Code §37-6-19
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Any person who shall have the right of reentry into the lands by reason of any rent issuing thereout being in arrear, or by reason of the breach of any covenant or condition, may serve a declaration in ejectment on the tenant in possession, where there shall be such tenant.
Source Link - 5 WV Code §37-6a-2
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Upon termination of the tenancy and within the applicable notice period, any security deposit held by the landlord, minus any deductions for damages or other charges, shall be delivered to the tenant, together with a written itemization of any such damages or other charges as provided in subsection (c).
Source Link - 6 Teller v. McCoy
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West Virginia does not have a statute governing terms of access for landlords and tenants. At common law, the tenant receives a “covenant of quiet enjoyment” which is also guaranteed by statute. The protection of a tenant’s quiet enjoyment is interpreted to mean that the landlord can only enter for purposes of legal compliance (such as repairs to keep a property up to code), on reasonable notice, except in emergencies. The landlord can also enter for other purposes, but only with the tenant’s consent (which also includes the tenant’s agreement to other terms of access in the lease).
Source Link - 7 WV Code §37-6-30
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A landlord shall at the commencement of a tenancy, deliver the dwelling unit and surrounding premises in a fit and habitable condition, and shall thereafter maintain the leased property in such condition; and maintain the leased property in a condition that meets requirements of applicable health, safety, fire and housing codes
Source Link
