Homeowners’ associations (HOAs) play a significant role in shaping U.S. housing, influencing everything from neighborhood upkeep to amenities and property values. The latest HOA statistics show steady growth, with nearly 370,000 community associations nationwide and more than 77 million residents living in HOA-governed communities.
In this article, we’ll break down the most recent data on HOA growth, monthly fees, governance, and more. Plus, explore what these numbers mean for buyers, investors, and homeowners deciding whether HOA living is right for them.
Report Highlights
Homeowners associations (HOAs) in the United States manage 370,000 communities; 12 new associations form every day*.
- 82.4% of new homes sold in 2023 were part of HOA communities.
- 40 million U.S. households (53% of homeowners) live in HOA communities.
- The average home in an HOA is valued at $447,917, 4.43% below the nationwide average home value.
- The average fee for a single-family home is $300 per month ($3,600 annually).
- From 2023 to 2024, 5,000 new HOA communities formed; since 2010, an average of 4,600 new HOAs appear each year.
*Daily average since 2020.
HOA Facts & Statistics
HOAs or community associations govern over planned “covenant” communities. These may include single family homes, townhouses, condominiums, and other groups of homes.
- 64.7% of newly constructed homes were part of HOA communities in 2023, down 2.1% year-over-year (YoY).
- 77.1 million Americans live in HOAs, condominium communities, or cooperatives in 2024; this number represents 22.7% of the 2024 total U.S. population.
- 13.8% of homeowners lived in secured communities in 2023.
- Approximately 8,000 HOA communities are considered large-scale (i.e., more than 1,000 homes).
- From 2014 to 2024, HOA resident populations grew 15.6% as homeownership rates increased 1.71%.
- The number of associations increased 10.6% between 2014 and 2024.
- On average, HOA homes are priced 4.0% higher than observably similar homes outside of HOAs.
- Homes in HOAs are valued at $12.9 trillion collectively, up 40.2% from 2020 ($9.2 trillion).
- HOA member contributions were valued at $417.1 billion in 2024; in 2023, member contributions totaled $371.2 billion.
- Estimated yearly collections of all fees rose 32.4% between 2005 and 2015.
HOAs and New Housing
HOA statistics show that associations are widespread in states with rapid growth and large-scale housing developments.. California leads the nation with roughly 51,250 associations serving over 14 million residents, followed closely by Florida, with about 50,100 associations, and Texas with nearly 23,000.
The trend isn’t slowing down. According to the National Association of REALTORS® (NAR), more new developments include HOAs, making them an increasingly standard feature of U.S. housing construction.
HOA Industry
Running a community takes more than guidelines. Homeowner associations also represent a vast industry. They depend on a mix of volunteer leadership and professional support to keep communities running smoothly. Across the U.S., more than 2.5 million homeowners serve on HOA boards or committees, contributing over 101 million volunteer hours each year.
In addition to volunteers, many associations hire professional managers or work with management companies to oversee operations. Nationwide, about 60,000–65,000 community managers and 9,000–10,000 management companies support HOAs, while roughly 30–40% remain entirely self-managed and rely on volunteers.
HOA Fees
One of the most significant financial considerations when living in an HOA community is the monthly fees. Here’s what the latest numbers from the U.S. Census Bureau tell us:
- In 2024, about 21.6 million U.S. households paid either a condo or HOA fee.
- The national median condo/HOA fee was $135 per month.
- There’s a difference depending on whether the homeowner has a mortgage. Studies show that households with a mortgage had a median fee of $120/month, while those without a mortgage had a higher fee of $184/month.
Distribution & Variability
According to the 2024 American Community Survey (ACS), the amount people pay varies widely:
- About 5.6 million households (26% of those paying fees) paid less than $50/month for HOA/condo dues.
- On the other end, about 3 million households paid more than $500/month.
- Some states have homeowners paying much higher fees. For example, in New York, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii, the HOA fees are over $500/month.
What Do These Fees Cover?
HOA and condo fees typically go toward:
- Maintenance of shared spaces (lawns, roads, parks, common structures).
- Amenities like pools, gyms, clubhouses, and community parking.
- Building exterior upkeep and insurance.
- Reserve funds for unexpected repairs or long-term infrastructure needs.
Because such costs (maintenance, insurance, utilities) often rise over time, HOAs usually build in regular increases or assessments. That’s part of what causes the wide range in what households pay.
HOAs Historically
Over the past 50 years, HOAs have expanded dramatically across the U.S.. In fact, in 1970, there were approximately 10,000 community associations nationwide. Today, there are approximately 369,000 HOAs nationwide, with projections indicating that this number will continue to rise each year.
The steady growth means more Americans live in HOA-governed communities. In 2024, approximately 77.1 million residents live in HOA communities, representing about 33.6% of all U.S. housing.
| Year | Communities in thousands | Residents in Millions |
|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 370.0 | 77.1 |
| 2023 | 365.0 | 75.5 |
| 2022 | 362.0 | 75.0 |
| 2021 | 358.0 | 74.2 |
| 2020 | 355.0 | 74.1 |
| 2019 | 351.0 | 73.9 |
| 2018 | 347.0 | 73.5 |
| 2017 | 344.5 | 70.0 |
| 2016 | 342.0 | 69.0 |
| 2015 | 338.0 | 68.0 |
| 2014 | 333.6 | 66.7 |
| 2013 | 328.5 | 65.7 |
| 2012 | 323.6 | 63.4 |
| 2011 | 317.2 | 62.7 |
| 2010 | 311.6 | 62.0 |
| 2008 | 300.8 | 59.5 |
| 2006 | 286.0 | 57.0 |
| 2004 | 260.0 | 51.8 |
| 2002 | 240.0 | 48.0 |
| 2000 | 222.5 | 45.2 |
| 1990 | 130.0 | 29.6 |
| 1980 | 36.0 | 9.6 |
| 1970 | 10.0 | 2.1 |
Homeowners associations account for about 58–63% of the totals, condominium communities for 35–40%, and cooperatives for 2–4%.
Source: Research published in the Community Association Fact Book 2024, produced by the Foundation for Community Association Research.
Common HOA Rules
Services aren’t the only way associations shape a community. Rules also guide how these communities operate. These regulations shape everything from curb appeal to how residents use common areas. Having these guidelines helps keep the community safe, uniform, and appealing, but the level of restriction varies by association.
Typical HOA rules often cover:
- Exterior home changes (paint colors, fencing, landscaping)
- Parking and street use
- Trash pickup and holiday decorations
- Pet policies
- Use of common areas and amenities
The main goal is to preserve property values and maintain neighborhood standards. Still, some homeowners view the restrictions as too strict. That’s why prospective buyers should always review an HOA’s covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs) before purchasing a home to avoid unexpected fines or conflicts.
HOA Experiences
HOAs have a measurable impact on property values. For many homeowners, that’s the main reason they choose to live in a community association. According to the Foundation for Community Association Research, homes in HOAs represent a combined $12.9 trillion in value, underscoring the significant impact these communities have on the U.S. housing market.
Additionally, HOAs often help maintain or even increase property values by enforcing community standards and funding shared maintenance. Clean, well-maintained neighborhoods with attractive amenities tend to have higher price home values (5%-6%) and sell faster than comparable non-HOA homes.
Still, buyers have mixed perceptions.
- Positive views: Many buyers appreciate HOAs for their amenities, such as pools, clubhouses, walking trails, and for protecting the neighborhood’s appearance.
- Concerns: Others feel that HOAs are too restrictive about rules on landscaping, parking, or exterior changes as downsides.
The NAR notes that HOAs are increasingly appearing in new housing developments. As a result, buyers may have fewer opportunities to purchase homes outside of HOA communities in the future. Recognizing both the advantages and the limitations gives buyers a clearer picture of whether HOA living aligns with their priorities.
HOA Benefits
A well-run HOA keeps neighborhoods consistent and cared for. Crews trim the lawns, clear snow in the winter, and clean shared areas so homeowners don’t have to manage those tasks themselves. Many associations also add value with extras like pools, gyms, clubhouses, or walking paths.
By enforcing community standards, HOAs help homes hold their value and sometimes sell at a premium. When big projects come up, such as resurfacing private roads or repairing community facilities, the HOA spreads the cost across all members instead of leaving one household with the bill.
HOA Drawbacks
Of course, those perks aren’t free. Monthly dues add another line to the household budget, and unexpected assessments can be particularly frustrating when major repairs arise. Some owners also push back against HOA rules. Whether that’s restrictions on exterior paint colors, limits on parking, or how long trash cans can be left out. If disagreements arise about spending or rule enforcement, they can occasionally create tension between neighbors or with the board.
HOAs by State
The number of homeowners’ associations varies widely across the U.S., with some states home to tens of thousands of communities and others only a few hundred. States with rapid population growth and large planned developments, like California, Florida, and Texas, lead the nation in HOA communities and residents. By contrast, smaller or more rural states often have far fewer associations.
The chart below highlights the number of HOAs in each state, which has more than 3,000 associations, along with the estimated number of residents and units they serve. The following breakdown illustrates the areas where HOAs have the greatest impact on housing and community life.
| State | Share of General Population | Share of Homeowning Residents |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 4.85% | 6.93% |
| Alaska | 8.92% | 13.4% |
| Arizona | 29.7% | 45.8% |
| Arkansas | 2.14% | 3.27% |
| California | 36.5% | 66.1% |
| Colorado | 42.9% | 62.4% |
| Connecticut | 12.8% | 19.7% |
| D.C. | 9.60% | 13.5% |
| Delaware | 15.1% | 38.0% |
| Florida | 40.7% | 64.0% |
| Georgia | 20.7% | 32.1% |
| Hawaii | 20.3% | 32.9% |
| Idaho | 17.7% | 25.2% |
| Illinois | 30.7% | 45.1% |
| Indiana | 12.7% | 18.1% |
| Iowa | 9.10% | 12.7% |
| Kansas | 5.25% | 7.83% |
| Kentucky | 5.97% | 8.72% |
| Louisiana | 3.65% | 5.33% |
| Maine | 9.11% | 12.1% |
| Maryland | 17.1% | 25.4% |
| Massachusetts | 23.5% | 38.1% |
| Michigan | 14.2% | 19.4% |
| Minnesota | 26.9% | 37.0% |
| Mississippi | 2.45% | 3.38% |
| Missouri | 15.3% | 18.4% |
| Montana | 13.3% | 19.2% |
| Nebraska | 5.34% | 7.86% |
| Nevada | 16.9% | 28.6% |
| New Hampshire | 19.2% | 26.3% |
| New Jersey | 15.6% | 24.9% |
| New Mexico | 6.10% | 8.61% |
| New York | 18.6% | 33.9% |
| North Carolina | 26.1% | 40.3% |
| North Dakota | 6.28% | 9.47% |
| Ohio | 13.9% | 20.8% |
| Oklahoma | 3.96% | 6.28% |
| Oregon | 13.7% | 21.3% |
| Pennsylvania | 10.4% | 15.1% |
| Rhode Island | 8.27% | 13.0% |
| South Carolina | 25.8% | 37.1% |
| South Dakota | 4.76% | 6.70% |
| Tennessee | 10.5% | 15.9% |
| Texas | 20.0% | 32.1% |
| Utah | 18.4% | 25.9% |
| Vermont | 16.8% | 22.7% |
| Virginia | 23.4% | 35.2% |
| Washington | 30.8% | 48.8% |
| West Virginia | 4.12% | 5.56% |
| Wisconsin | 13.0% | 26.0% |
| Wyoming | 9.02% | 12.3% |
To see how these trends play out across the country, here’s a closer look at HOA participation and typical fees by state. Each snapshot illustrates the number of households affiliated with an association and the average monthly payment for homeowners.
Alabama
Seventeen percent of households in Alabama pay HOA or condo fees, which is below the national average of 25%. The typical fee is $52 per month, one of the lowest in the country.
Alaska
In Alaska, 16.2% of households report paying HOA or condo fees. The median monthly cost is $135, which matches the national average.
Arizona
Nearly 45% of households in Arizona live in HOA communities and pay monthly fees. The median fee is $98, below the national median despite the high share of HOA households.
Arkansas
Just 12.1% of households in Arkansas pay HOA or condo fees, less than half the national rate. The monthly median fee is $47, among the lowest reported nationwide.
California
Roughly 23.7% of households in California pay HOA or condo fees, which is slightly below the national average. However, the state’s median fee of $278 per month is more than double the U.S. median.
Colorado
About 42.4% of households in Colorado pay HOA or condo fees, far above the national rate of 25%. The median fee is $99 per month, which is slightly below the national average.
Connecticut
In Connecticut, 15.5% of households report paying HOA or condo dues. Their median monthly fee is $351, one of the highest in the nation and well above the U.S. average of $135.
Delaware
Roughly 40.5% of households in Delaware pay HOA or condo fees. The typical monthly cost is $85, which is significantly lower than the national median, despite the high participation rate.
District of Columbia
More than a third (38.6%) of Washington, D.C. households pay HOA or condo fees. The median monthly fee is $505, the second-highest in the country.
Florida
In Florida, 44.3% of households pay HOA or condo fees, one of the highest rates nationwide. The state’s median fee is $230 per month, well above the national average.
Georgia
Roughly 33.1% of households in Georgia pay HOA or condo dues. The median monthly fee is $99, aligning closely with the U.S. median household income.
Hawaii
Nearly 42% of households in Hawaii pay HOA or condo fees. The typical monthly payment is $470, the highest in the nation and over three times the U.S. average.
Idaho
About 30.9% of households in Idaho report paying HOA or condo dues. The median fee is $61, well below the national average of $135.
Illinois
In Illinois, 23.6% of households pay HOA or condo fees, close to the U.S. average. Their median monthly fee is $237, which is significantly higher than the national average.
Indiana
Roughly 22.2% of households in Indiana pay HOA or condo fees. The typical monthly payment is $61, less than half the national median.
Iowa
Only 11.2% of Iowa homeowners pay HOA or condo fees, with a median monthly cost of $128. These figures make Iowa one of the more affordable states for residents who participate in HOAs.
Kansas
Roughly 21% of Kansas households pay HOA or condo fees, with a median monthly payment of $65. That figure is among the lowest in the nation, despite the higher-than-average participation rate.
Kentucky
In Kentucky, 14.7% of households belong to HOAs or condo associations. Their typical fee is $70 per month, keeping costs below the U.S. median.
Louisiana
About 14.8% of Louisiana homeowners pay HOA or condo dues. With a median monthly fee of $61, the state ranks among the most affordable for HOA costs.
Maine
Maine has one of the lowest participation rates, with only 8% of households paying HOA or condo fees. Those who do face a median monthly payment of $169, above the national average.
Maryland
Roughly 37.7% of Maryland homeowners belong to HOAs, nearly 13 points higher than the U.S. rate. The median fee is $104 per month, which is close to the national average.
Massachusetts
In Massachusetts, 16.8% of households pay HOA or condo fees. Their typical monthly cost is $376, among the highest in the nation.
Michigan
Michigan shows moderate participation, with 18.1% of homeowners paying HOA dues. The median fee is $125 per month, slightly under the U.S. median..
Minnesota
About 16.1% of households in Minnesota pay HOA or condo fees. Their median monthly fee is $269, putting them well above the national average.
Mississippi
Only 13% of homeowners in Mississippi participate in HOAs. Their median fee of $53 per month is one of the lowest across all states.
Missouri
In Missouri, 25.3% of households pay HOA dues, precisely in line with the U.S. average. The median fee is just $54 per month, far below the national benchmark.
Montana
About 19% of Montana households belong to HOAs. Their typical monthly fee is $53, making it one of the most affordable states for HOA living.
Nebraska
In Nebraska, 18.1% of households report paying HOA fees. The median monthly cost is $54, very low compared to the U.S. average.
Nevada
More than half (51.3%) of Nevada homeowners pay HOA or condo fees, the highest rate in the country. Despite this, the median monthly fee is $95, below the national average.
New Hampshire
In New Hampshire, 14.8% of households participate in HOAs. They pay a median monthly fee of $316, among the highest in New England.
New Jersey
Roughly 20.5% of New Jersey households pay HOA or condo fees. Their median monthly cost is $300, more than double the national median.
New Mexico
In New Mexico, 15.1% of households belong to HOAs. The typical fee is $61 per month, one of the lowest nationally.
New York
Only 14.3% of New York households pay HOA or condo dues, but their fees are steep. The state’s median monthly cost is $739, the highest in the country.
North Carolina
Nearly 30% of North Carolina homeowners pay HOA fees. Their typical monthly payment is $79, well below the U.S. median.
North Dakota
Just 7.7% of households in North Dakota participate in HOAs, one of the lowest rates nationwide. Median monthly fees are $157, higher than average despite the limited participation.
Ohio
Seventeen percent of Ohio households pay HOA or condo dues. The median monthly cost is $124, close to the national median.
Oklahoma
Roughly 19.8% of Oklahoma households pay HOA fees. Their median payment is just $48 per month, which is among the lowest in any state.
Oregon
In Oregon, 16.2% of homeowners report paying HOA dues. The typical monthly cost is $88, well below the U.S. median.
Pennsylvania
Only 12.6% of Pennsylvania households belong to HOAs, but those that do pay a median monthly fee of $148. That’s slightly above the national average.
Rhode Island
Just 9.9% of Rhode Island households pay HOA or condo fees. Still, their median monthly cost of $314 is more than double the national average.
South Carolina
Roughly 34.4% of South Carolina homeowners pay HOA dues, well above the national rate. Their median fee is $94 per month, keeping costs modest compared to participation.
South Dakota
In South Dakota, 10% of households pay HOA or condo fees. Their typical monthly fee is $86, below the national average.
Tennessee
Nearly 18.8% of Tennessee homeowners report paying HOA dues. Their median monthly fee is $79, placing them among the more affordable states.
Texas
Roughly 34.3% of Texas households pay HOA fees, above the national average. The median monthly cost is $76, far below the U.S. median.
Utah
In Utah, 22.4% of households participate in HOAs. Their median monthly fee is $135, matching the national average.
Vermont
Just 10.9% of Vermont homeowners pay HOA dues. The median monthly fee is $221, higher than the national median.
Virginia
Roughly 34% of Virginia households belong to HOAs. Their typical monthly payment is $123, slightly under the U.S. average.
Washington
In Washington state, 26.2% of households pay HOA or condo fees. Their median monthly cost is $82, below the national benchmark.
West Virginia
Only 11.4% of West Virginia homeowners pay HOA dues. The state’s median monthly cost is $48, one of the lowest in the country.
Wisconsin
About 10.5% of households in Wisconsin report paying HOA fees. Their median monthly payment is $184, higher than the national average.
Wyoming
In Wyoming, 12.8% of households pay HOA or condo dues. Their typical fee is $52 per month, among the lowest in the U.S.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates.
HOA Communities and Services
Local planning boards often require developers to establish a homeowners’ association as part of approving new communities. Most HOAs are established under developer control and are later transferred to an elected board of homeowners once construction nears completion.
You’ll find HOAs in many types of communities, from suburban neighborhoods and retirement developments to co-ops and vacation timeshares. In these settings, homeowners pay monthly dues that cover the upkeep of shared spaces, including parking areas, clubhouses, pools, gyms, dog parks, and landscaped green areas.
Although the rules and amenities differ from one association to another, the underlying goal stays the same: keep common areas in good condition, preserve the neighborhood’s appearance, and support long-term property values.
Frequently Asked Questions About HOA Statistics
Do HOAs actually increase property values?
Yes. According to the Cato Institute, HOAs typically increase property values by 5-6%.
Are HOAs becoming more or less popular?
More popular. HOAs have grown from just 10,000 communities in 1970 to nearly 370,000 in 2024. Projections estimate that the number will climb to as high as 374,000 by 2025. Demand for managed communities continues as new housing developments frequently include HOAs.
What percentage of Americans live in HOAs?
About 33.6% of U.S. housing is in community associations, representing roughly 77 million residents. That’s more than one in five Americans.
What state has the highest percentage of HOAs?
HOA statistics indicate that California has the highest number of HOAs, with approximately 51,250 communities representing over 14 million residents. Florida is close behind with about 50,100 communities serving over 9.5 million residents.
